Friday, December 27, 2019

Learn What a Match School Is in College Admissions

A match school is a college or university that is likely to admit you because your grades, standardized test scores, and holistic measures are similar to those of typical students at the school.  You certainly arent guaranteed an acceptance letter from a match school, but chances are better than not that you will get in.When applying to colleges, its important to choose your schools wisely. Key Takeaways At a match school, your grades and standardized test scores should fall within the typical range for admitted students.Ivy League schools and other highly selective colleges and universities are never match schools. They are reach schools.For a variety of reasons, it is quite possible to get rejected from a match school. Be careful not to overestimate your chances of getting in. How Do You Know if a School is a Match? If you know your high school GPA and youve taken either the SAT or ACT, its fairly easy to figure out if your grades and test scores are on target for a university. Here are two methods for doing so: Find schools that interest you in my massive A to Z index of college profiles. When you click on a college, youll find SAT and ACT data for matriculated students. This data represents the 25th and 75th percentile of students who enrolled at the college. If your ACT and/or SAT scores are above the 25th percentile number, youre a potential match for the school.For hundreds of the schools Ive profiled, youll also find a link to a GPA-SAT-ACT graph of data for students who were accepted, rejected and waitlisted. This will give you a more visual representation of where you fit in. Match  Ã¢â€°   Guaranteed Admission Its important to realize that there is no guarantee of admission at schools that youve identified as matches. While many students with grades and test scores similar to yours were admitted, its equally likely that some students with similar profiles were not admitted. This is one reason why its important also to apply to a safety school or two so that you are nearly certain to be admitted somewhere. It can be heartbreaking to discover in the spring of senior year that youve received nothing but rejection letters. Possible reasons for a rejection to a match school include:   The college has holistic admissions, and your essay or extracurricular involvement werent as impressive as those of other applicants.Your application was incomplete or had careless mistakes (see 6 Common Blunders of College Applicants)You failed to demonstrate interest in the college.Related to demonstrated interest, you may have been edged out by applicants who applied through early action or early decision (both tend to have higher admit rates than regular decision)Your letters of recommendation raised concerns for the college.The college wasnt able to meet your financial needs (a significant number of colleges and universities are  not  needs-blind, and they will not admit students who would face unreasonable financial hardship should they try to attend)The college admitted students who may have had similar grades and test scores but who were more likely to contribute to the diversity of the campus community. Colleges dont have formal geographic, racial, or cultural quotas, bu t many schools do believe that a diverse student body benefits the learning environment.You have a criminal record that concerns the college. Some Schools Are  Never  Matches If youre a straight A student with top 1% standardized test scores, youre still not guaranteed admission at the countrys most selective colleges and universities. The countrys  Ã‚  top U.S. colleges and top universities  have such low acceptance rates that many fully qualified applicants receive rejection letters. You should certainly apply if you wish to attend these schools, but be realistic about your chances. When a college has a single digit acceptance rate, you should always consider the school a reach, not a match, even if your grades and test scores are exceptional. A Final Word on Match Schools I always recommend that applicants be realistic about their chances of admission, and its important to remember that many students receive rejection letters from match schools. That said, chances are good that you will get into some if not most of the match schools to which you apply. Also keep in mind that match schools are often good choices because youll be among peers who have academic abilities that are similar to your own. It can be frustrating to be at a college where the majority of students are significantly stronger or weaker than you. Balance is important as you come up with your college wish list. You should make sure you apply to a mix of  reach schools, match schools, and  safety schools.

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Organizational Structure Of An Organization - 1361 Words

1. Introduction An organization is defined as a group of people who work together in an organized way for shared purpose. When people come together, they can either compliment one another or potentially create conflicts and disagreements in the course of pursuing common objectives with their differentiated experiences, perceptions and knowledge. Managing an organization involves putting a structure to the business so that managers can manage, supervise and coordinate its people and organization’s performance. A structure serves as a framework for the purpose of outlining clear operating guidelines in order to keep the organization functional. It defines the hierarchical lines of authority, establishing job roles and responsibilities, details communication channels to determine how information should flow within the organization. A well-fitted organizational structure will have positive impacts on both its employees’ and its performance. 2. Organizational Structures Organizational structures exist in two basic forms, the organic and the mechanistic, each contrastive of another (Burns Stalker, 1961). Measured by four main elements of an organization’s characteristics; standardization, formalization, role specifications, and centralization of its operating unit, the time taken and frequency of future activities and change implementations are also taken into consideration. Seen in Appendix 1, the diagram depicts the four elements an organization can structure itself. InShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Structure Of An Organization1585 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant things to run a business smoothly is an appropriate organizational structure in order to manage workers effectively, have maximum productivity and achieve the objectives set by the company. The structure of an organization including the method that an organization employs to delineate lines of communication, policies, authority and responsibilities. It determines the extent and nature of how leadership is disseminated within the organization. It is the method to ensure effective channels of communicationRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of Organization Structure1557 Words   |  7 Pagescourse we discussed bureaucracy. We said this form of organization was the starting point for understanding all modern organizations. Based on the text and other class readings develop an essay that begins with a brief definition of bureaucracy and the reason why this form of organization remains the cornerstone of organization structure. Then, give three reasons why the principles of bureaucracy may sometimes be dysfunctional for an organization. Conclude your essay with a discussion of three principlesRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization1130 Words   |  5 Pagescompany to be productive and advance in the business environment. Organizational structure determines how roles, power, and responsibilities are assigned, controlled, coordinated and how information flows between the different levels of management. In an organizational workforce environment, there are several levels of management, such as managers, supervisors, team leads and coordinators. Their responsibilities are to know why organizational changes are nece ssary and they must effectively communicateRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pages1.2 At least two different organizational structures are identified, described, and compared in terms of their design principles. Ans: - 1. Organisational Structure – It is a structure which is used to elaborate ranking in an organisation. It is also define as an organizational structure which defines how activities such as task portion, division and guidance are directed towards the achievement of organizational purposes. 2. There are different types of organisationalRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization1085 Words   |  5 PagesAn organizational structure is a composition that specifies a company s hierarchical structure. There are various kinds of conformations that organizations can choose to build their business around. The organizational structure exemplifies the way in which control and business affairs have been appointed within the organization. Organizational structure encompasses the design of an organization though people positioning and responsibilities in order for organizational goals can be reached. SomeRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of The Organization1163 Words   |  5 PagesOver the years, most organizations have been urged to consider changing their organizational structure so as to promote employee flexibility as well as empower them with the discretion of making decisions. As a result, organizations across the world have resorted to de-layering or flattening their organizational structures with the hopes of achieving employee flexibility and improving the operations of the organization as well. De-layering or flattening, in this case, refers to the elimination ofRead MoreOrganizational Structure And The Organization789 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizations are founded on the basis that they want to accomplish a goal. Organizations differ from one another in various ways, and that is stated in their mission and vision statement as well as their goals. Every organization has a set pattern that helps to establish the structure on which it will accomplish the goal of the business. According to Prodanciuc, organizational structure is the fundamental concept that helps the organization be organized and administrated. The organizing takes placeRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization1718 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduction This report is going to concentrate on the structure of an organization because, like Jay Lorsch said: organization structure is management’s formal and explicit attempts to indicate to organizational members what is expected of them. In his words, ‘this was management’s attempt to draw a map of whom they want to do what’ (Lorsch, 1977, p. 3) .So a mature and scientific organizational structure is an essential factor that a successful organization requires. I got an internship in a law officeRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of The Organization3890 Words   |  16 Pagesto set up the structure and policies to suit the changes of the market. One of the essential and most important factors to achieve that is the organizational structure. Organizational structure theory is especially useful for people who manage organizations, or who aspire to do so in the future. It enables the manager to see that his or her organization and its problems are rarely wholly unique. Usually, much of value can be learned from examining the behavior of other organizations in broadly similarRead MoreThe Organizational Structure Of The Organization3854 Words   |  16 Pageswill look at Company B. We will begin with an overview of the organization, what category of industry it falls under, and some of the products the organization offers. Next, we will explore the current status in the organization, that is, the current state of affairs in the organization w ith regard to products as well as the internal organizational structure, the factors that contribute to the structure, the effectiveness of the structure. Then we will investigate the steps the company has taken to

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Nordstroms Case Study free essay sample

Tynisha M. Miller Professor Jamar Jeffers Business 107 May 29, 2011 Nordstrom’s Success Introduction Marketing is a crucial part of a company; it is defined as â€Å"the activity, set of institutions, and processes of creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large (Lamb, 2010). In other words marketing can be seen as a planned concept used by most businesses to enhance their financial growth. Customers can be put at ease with knowing that the products they purchase are of excellent quality and the quantity they demand will be available. Before taking this marketing class; when I heard the word marketing my thought was that it only involved advertising and selling a product; when in actuality it involves research planning, the product, and market development as well as training and marketing services. It’s critical that every phase of the marketing plan be researched and well executed if a company expects to be successful. All the aspects that I mentioned will be how Nordstrom’s have maintained continual growth. Founded by Carl F. Wallin a Seattle shoemaker and John W. Nordstrom opened a shoe store, Wallin and Nordstrom in Seattle in 1901. The two built their business on the philosophy of offering customers the best in service, selection, quality, and value. As of today Nordstrom continues to grow and thrive on that same philosophy through its family-controlled business. Nordstrom believes in service with a smile and want to project an image of small town modesty – that’s the corporate culture and it sells. Nordstrom’s course has been to modernize, adding brands such as Caslon, DKNY, and Emme for women and Facconable (which they later acquired), Kenneth Cole, and Tommy Bahama for men to its racks. Restructuring took place in 1999 and at that time Nordstrom’s decided to sharpen its image with consumers. In May 2000, Nordstrom’s declared, â€Å"Reinvent Yourself† as its advertising campaign, when customers entered the stores they no longer saw piano players wearing tuxedos (former trademark) instead there was a more modernized display of hip, brighter, flashier colors, and more casual apparel. As a frequent consumer to Nordstrom’s, whether or not it’s one of their 115 full-line stores or their 86 Nordstrom Rack stores; I always experience their continued personal touch. Today Nordstrom is still controlled and owned by the family, whose commitment and philosophy is still the foundation of its success. The retail store may move forward with the trends of technology, but the needs of today’s consumer will always come first. Type of Retailer Nordstrom’s is and characteristics it shares with other retailers Nordstrom’s known as a high end retail department store that carries a wide variety of specialty goods that include: apparel, cosmetics, footwear, accessories, musical cd, and some of their retail stores may also carry furniture. As a past employee of Nordstrom’s and eventually a consumer I really like the idea of purchases being made within each department rather than at on central check out area. Each department is treated as a separate buying center to achieve economies in promotion, buying, service, and control. As a part of the retail industry Nordstrom’s share many characteristics as other retailers such as: the generous exchange policy, superior customer service, and product quality. The biggest part of Nordstrom’s success is their generous exchange policies; this is what keeps consumers coming back. When I went through my new hire orientation with Nordstrom’s; the main term that was drilled into our heads was the customer is always right, which meant if a customer came into the store with a pair of jeans from the gap and even though I knew we did not carry the gap brand just agree with the customer and offer them something for that item. Now I wondered how in the world they would prosper from such a policy because they will definitely lose money on returns and when I raised that question the response was, â€Å"Our customers are our top priority and we will maintain good customer relationships this way. Superior customer service is what I am greeted with whenever I step into any department of Nordstrom’s. At the store located in Tyson’s Corner, Virginia, the same sales associate assist me each time I visit; I have her business card in my rolodex, I place a call to her to let her know when I will be coming (if it’s her day off she will come in) and ah ead of time she will pull clothing items together for me to try on when I arrive. Whenever something new comes in or if there are markdowns on items I may have been interested in she would give me a courtesy call. Another nice gesture I like that my sales associate offer to her clients is mailing out birthday and holiday cards as well as making you feel as though you are her only client. When I purchase an item, quality of that item is most important to me; Nordstrom is big on product quality. Product quality is very important at Nordstrom’s; they stand behind any product they sale and because they know they offer such great quality they do not spend large amounts of time and money on advertising or promoting. Level of Service The level of service that is achieved at Nordstrom’s stores can’t be rated. Nordstrom’s not only please their consumers, but they stand by their products; they know their products are top quality and worth the price that the consumers chose to pay. In the case study it is stated that â€Å"the company refuses to hop on the price promoting band wagon†, which means they set their price and that’s the price it’s going to be. Their success is not obtained through friends and families discounts or coupons, because they feel their product is worth the price. When you look at companies like JCpenny’s, Macy’s, target, and Wal-Mart they would be on the opposite end because they do offer friends and family discounts, certain percentages off if you are willing to fill out a survey. With such incentives and promotions these retailers are definitely paying a price for this kind of advertising just to lure consumers into their stores. Nordstrom’s Retailing Mix There are six components of the Nordstrom’s Retailing Mix and they are as follow: product, place, promotion, price, presentation, and personnel. Over the past 100 years Nordstrom’s products have grown; they started out as a shoe store and now has expanded into a huge high end department store that sales just about anything you can imagine. In the United Stated there are approximately 157 stores and they plan to open 19 more. Eric Nordstrom, who is the president of the company, uses his gut feeling to determine the location of the next store. His gut feeling is almost as important as demographics and statistics; he states, â€Å"Plenty of places look good on paper and we say no† (Nordstrom case study, 2010). There is no real promotion for Nordstrom’s; they rely on their customer service to attract new customers. The customers do the promoting for them through word of mouth; because their products are of great quality the relationships with existing customers as well as new customers allow for their company to grow. They would rather spend their money pleasing their customers instead of promotion strategies. The presentation that Nordstrom’s present is an excellent one; now they are equipped with computerized inventory that gives the buyers and salespeople the necessary data to know what items are in the stores. The business strategy that is utilize is â€Å"greed through love†; the goal is to perfect the art of focusing on the right customers and giving then their undivided attention. In other words, the customer comes first and they are out to satisfy and build a relationship with these customers. Without the wonderful personnel Nordstrom’s employee long lasting relationships with their clients would not be developed. As previously mentioned their goal is to make the customer feel as though they are the main priority; this is achieved through the exchange of business cards, setting future shopping appointments, and calling when new merchandise come into the store. Primary Challenges Nordstrom’s face In light of the current economic situation Nordstrom’s need to monitor and manage their business based on these conditions. The economy changes can force situations such as unemployment or inflation, which will dictate how a consumer decides to spend their money. In a time of recession consumers tend to look more for bargains, promotions, and incentives. Spending is based on their basic needs; which can be a disadvantage for Nordstrom’s because they do not offer coupons, one day sales, or friends and family discounts. Competition Companies that are looking to be successful need to keep a steady track on the competition in order to develop strategies that will keep them ahead of everyone else. Nordstrom’s has expanded their business to many different locations and this would make it costly for competitors to enter the market. Nordstrom’s sees this as an advantage, because it put the pressure on their competitors to try and get ahead of them. Nordstrom’s now aim for â€Å"seamless† shopping experience across all the states; therefore this leads other companies to do the same. In order to gain new customers and keep the existing ones Nordstrom’s need to keep up with the trends; keeping up with the trends will demonstrate not only to their consumers but there competitors as well that they have what it takes to maintain a strong position in the market place. Conclusion The success of a business is determined by the impact of the marketing strategy; meaning if a company use marketing effectively, it will have a greater chance of prospering as opposed to a company that doesn’t use marketing effectively. Company’s utilizing strong marketing departments are able to increase production sales based on customer satisfaction. REFERENCE PAGE www. nordstroms. com www. fashionencylopedia. com/mu-pi/nordstrom. html (Lamb, 2010) (Nordstrom’s case study, 2010)

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Sample Lesson Plan Essay Example

Sample Lesson Plan Essay The pupils should be able to: 1. Read a playlet; 2. Use personal pronouns – I, you, he, she, it, they, we 3. Name the personal pronouns in sentences; 4. Supply the appropriate pronouns in sentences; 5. Describe pictures by using pronouns; 6. Note details by answering Who, Where, and What questions; Values: Exhibit love and care for little sister or brother in the family. II. Subject Matter The Baby Comes Home Personal Pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, they, we) Reference: My World of English 1 – Language and Reading, pp. 82-88 III. Procedure A. Preparation a. Review Recall previous lesson by asking the pupils the meaning of noun and give some examples of it. b. Motivation The teacher shows puppets. Name them and tell something about them to introduce personal pronouns I, you, he, she, it, they, and we. c. Drill Call on five pupils to act-out the playlet on pp. 82-84 while others would read or follow with their eyes. B. Lesson Proper After reading the playlet, discuss the questions under Noting Details on p. 5. After this, ask pupils to turn their books to p. 85 and discuss with them the pronoun and its classification – personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, they, and we. On p. 86, go over the reminders about using singular and plural pronouns. C. Generalization Ask the pupils to work on Exercise 1, p. 87. This maybe done orally or otherwise. D. Application Teacher guides pupils in doing this activity. Teacher says: â€Å"Look at the p ictures. Ask question and answer it by picking out the pronoun for the underlined noun/nouns. † 1. This is Father. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Lesson Plan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Lesson Plan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Lesson Plan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Where does Father go? (He, She, It) ________ 2. This is mother. What does mother do? (He, She, It) _______ 3. This is muning What does muning do? (He, She, It) _______ 4. Pilar, Jose, and I go to school. Where will Pilar, Jose, and I go? (They, We, You) ______ 5. Jay, Jeff, and John pray. What do Jay, Jeff and John do? (We, they, you) ________ IV. Evaluation Teacher prepares the following pictures, puts them on the board and writes the following sentences. The teacher asks the pupil to go to the board and underline the pronoun for the underlined noun. Teacher teaching 1. Mrs. Julieta Abalos teaches well. (He, She, It) Pupil planting a tree 2. The pupil plants a tree. (he, it day) Principal reads 3. Mr. Bayani reads the news paper. (He, she, it) 4. A girl watering a plant Lita waters the plant. (He, she, it) 5. Boys pray The boys pray. (They, you, I) Enrichment Activity On pp. 87-88, direct pupils’ attention to Exercise 2 amp; 3. These exercises maybe done orally or otherwise. V. Assignment Describe your family using personal pronouns.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

General Motors Marketing Strategy free essay sample

General Motors has many different brands and models that make up the companies portfolio. They use these brands as a tool to attract different target markets. General Motors will target middle-class consumers in the United States, Brazil, Europe, and China with its Chevrolet Brand. They will target older buyers with the Buick brand worldwide. The company will target wealthy buyers worldwide with its Cadillac brand. General motors will also target middle-class buyers in New Zealand and Australia with its Holden brand. MARKETING MIX Product: General Motors has many popular vehicle brands around the globe including Buick in China, Saab in Sweden, and Chevrolet in the US. General Motors also carries other brands as part of its portfolio, like Opel, the main GM brand name in Europe except in the UK, Hummer, Isuzu, and Holden in Australia and New Zealand. Price: General Motors provides a wide range of vehicles all over the world priced from $10,000 to 0,000 and higher. We will write a custom essay sample on General Motors Marketing Strategy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These prices range from middle to luxury class vehicles. General Motors has executed competitive strategy, particularly in the United States, that combines an emphasis on competitively priced vehicles. They hope to build a standard of exceptional products and brands and build long-term investment value for their products, while supporting improved pricing per transaction. Place: General Motors distribution strength in rural areas, which is a significant competitive advantage, will be largely preserved. General Motors does business in 157 countries. General Motors is has been divided into business segments: GM North America (GMNA), GM Europe (GME), GM International Operations (GMIO), GM South America (GMSA), and GM Financial. Promotion: General Motors uses many ways to promote its products. They use auto shows, standard commercials, online commercials, social media, professional auto racing, GM Magazine, their â€Å"Employee Discount for Everyoneâ€Å", and their extended warranties.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Social Economics Within the Great Gatsby Essays

Social Economics Within the Great Gatsby Essays Social Economics Within the Great Gatsby Paper Social Economics Within the Great Gatsby Paper Essay Topic: Economics Instead, Fitzgerald explores two efferent classes of the wealthy. There are individuals, like Jordan Baker, who were born into their wealth. Her family has most likely had money for generations on end. Because of this they are called old money. In The Great Gatsby, the people who are born into old money do not have to work, do not talk about their wealth, and are able to go through their days entertaining themselves with whatever makes them happy. The characters who represent this group, Tom, Daisy, and Jordan, are most likely the most selective group, making distinctions of a persons kind of wealth. They base heir decisions not on how much wealth a person has, but on how long that person has had their wealth and how they made It. In the asses Gatsby and many others acquired their wealth. People like this were considered new money. The fact that these people are new money is enough reason for old money people, like Tom and Daisy, to not include them in their circle. According to the old money way of thinking, new money people could never have their kind of taste and sophistication. Not only does Gatsby work, but his origins are from a poor class, which means that he could not be good enough for Daisy. Daisy, coming from old money, is Judgmental and shallow. When she first met Gatsby, she decided she could not possibly be with him because of his lack of money. She failed to look at the essence of Gatsby and realize that this man was hard working and willing to make more money. Instead, she believed that she was superior and could not stoop to love a man without as much money as she. But are people from new money any different? If we look at Gatsby new money party-goers, we see that they attend his parties uninvited, they eat and drink his food, yet they dont show the courtesy to meet Gatsby. After Gatsby death, hey do not even show up to his funeral. Obviously, Fitzgerald does not show either the new or old money characters in a complimentary light. Their highest priority is living for today, the next party, and on what they can spend their money. Fitzgerald did a Just as explicit a job when portraying the middle class. Nick, even though he is from a family with some wealth, does not have by any means as much money as Tom or Daisy. In the end, he is revealed as a man with principles and integrity. He is confident In himself and his accomplishments and Is, therefore, able to mingle among the classes. In a word, Nick Is content. Myrtle, though, Is on the other side of the middle class spectrum. She Is currently married too middle class man, but Is a leads her into having an affair with Tom. Because of this need, Myrtle has distanced nearest Trot morals, Ana NAS no problem accenting on nerd NASDAQ IT It means Tanat for a short while she can live the lifestyle she desires. The Great Gatsby is often viewed as Fitzgerald masterpiece. It portrays an accurate picture of American society in the asses. The asses were filled with post-war economic growth, and Fitzgerald presents the frenzy of society to take part in that growth. The characters in the novel exemplify the ease with which new and greed can derail ones moral code. Other characters, especially those in the old money class, are only minimally aware that a moral code even matters. At the same time, Fitzgerald portrays a third group represented by Nick. These people stand apart from the social frenzy. They hold their moral code above the quest for wealth. They live apart from the lure of social class. Despite the wish of many to view America as a classless society, The Great Gatsby reveals that class distinctions not only exist but also define acceptable behavior.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Strategic Systems Integration Planning of the Heelz Boutique Essay

Strategic Systems Integration Planning of the Heelz Boutique - Essay Example Choi (2014, p. 260) defined as, â€Å"software that is distributed with its source code under a license that sets out terms and conditions for use, modification, and re-distribution.† Subramanyam and Xia (2008) also provided similar kind of definition while describing the characteristics of Open Source Software (OSS). It is evident from the definition that OSS is being developed through geographically distributed software development platform and online community for volunteer developers. In the last two decades, Open Source Software (OSS) attracted significant amount of attention from business houses, researchers, governments, and researchers, as a lucrative alternative to expensive packaged proprietary software from commercial vendors due to advantages like lower costs and flexibility (Noyes, 2011; Choi, 2014). Subramaniam, Sen, and Nelson (2009) gave examples of renowned OSS such as Firefox (a web browser), MySQL (a relational database management system), Linux (operating s ystem) and Apache (a web server). Open source development depends heavily on the support of the self-organizing community, users and business clients (Crowston, Annabi and Howison, 2003; Crowston et al, 2007). On the other hand, expensive packaged proprietary software from commercial vendors is being developed by paid software developers and such software is being rigorously tested by system engineers. On contrary, OSS is being supervised by volunteer members. Therefore, a degree of systematic approach is pretty less for OSS in comparison to proprietary software.