buy custom Modern Social Disorganization essay

buy custom Modern Social Disorganization essay According to Fadaei-Tehrani and Green (2002), regarding the issue of rational choice theory, it is noted that the offender makes a conscious decision to commit a crime using calculated risks. In doing so the offender takes a close look at the risks and the rewards of the crime being planned to be committed that is more often considered in terms of economic prospects (Fadaei-Tehrani and Green, 2002). The main reason for that is consideration of the economic model which is due to the fact that most of the offenders take a look at the economic benefits that they are likely to get and the probable options of making better living by executing their plans. The motivational factor of such crimes is the economic prospects. With such a motivation, it becomes likely that the offenders might utilize intimidation tactics or near-stealth tactic to execute their plans. They take time to plan how to execute their plans. Also, they plan mostly the clarity of their escape routes. In classical school of criminology, there is also the issue of punishment that is raised (Finnane, 2006). There is in-depth consideration of the punishments that the criminals are likely to be given in the event that they are caught (Finnane, 2006;Day and Vandiver, 2000). Offenders are more likely to involve themselves in criminal activities where they are likely to get smaller sentences in a court of law than gross crimes that have bigger sentences. For those who engage in gross crimes, they are more likely to do so as a large group like in the case of Nazi genocide against the Jews for which the society was made to believe that harassing, deporting, robbing and killing of Jews was an acceptable thing (Day and Vandiver, 2000). According to Fords (2011), biological positivism is a trait that is evident in that it makes the offenders or some regions to be more prone to crimes. Travis (2001) notes that the best way to understand biological positivism is to first have the most fundamental definition of a crime for which it is described as the social construct that is unconditionally meant to keep changing over time. This change happens across all cultural divides, just that the level of intensity varies greatly from one cultural setting to another (Travis, 2001). In Positivism, there is quantification of behavior which means that there is a higher probability of determining the likelihood occurrence of an offence and thus aid in proactive defense against the offense either directly from the offenders side or from the targets side. Thus, there is the possibility of reducing the occurrence of offences (Travis, 2001). This approach, however, suffers some challenges in that there is a higher possibility of scientific neutrality that is evidenced in the research (Travis, 2001). For example, it is clear that any research work that is done is mainly based on the observers perspective.Therefore, there is a possibility of the observer tainting the findings as well as a possibility of findings digression from the actual data as it should be done (Travis, 2001). Furthermore, the language that is used in the expression of the findings is observer oriented and thus influences the findings as per what the observer wants them to be (Travis, 2001). There is also the possibility of the determinism of the behavior in that there is disregard of moral choices by the observer as well as the creativity of the offender (Travis, 2001). This in essence shows why there is criticism of the theory which cannot quite be relied upon to provide the necessary data as required. Reintegration shaming is a concept that has been in application in different forms in the past and more so in the less developed African regions as well as the Asian region (Sakiyama, 2011). eintegration shaming is a concept where there is community mediation of relationship between an offender and a victim or a community that brings about restitution to such a person (Sakiyama, 2011). The application of this method in reintegration of the juvenile to the community brings a lot of benefits. To start with, there is a recorded increase in the level of victim satisfaction (Kim Gerber, 2011). This is made possible by the positive attitude that the offender acquires that motivates and brings some level of satisfaction to the victim (Kim Gerber, 2011). Depending on the kind of offense that the juvenile was charged with, there have been noted different outcomes on the attitudes (Kim Gerber, 2011). Since the reintegration also includes the active participation of the community, there is a possibility of a change in perception that the offenders might have. For example, instead of the offenders viewing themselves as gross criminals in a fragile society, they are able to view themselves as acceptable members of the society who had once gone wrong but now have changed for the better. This brings about repentance of the offender for the offence that they had done and the offenders even offering to repay the damages that they had caused to the victims or the society (Kim Gerber, 2011). This, however, is dependent on the degree of repentance in the juvenile offender (Kim Gerber, 2011). For example, it is noted that in African and Asian communities, the community takes an active role in the reintegration which involves the family, religi ous organizations and the community at large (Kim Gerber, 2011: Sakiyama, 2011). Reintegration is executed through the encounter and amends the process whereby the offender first admits committing the offense and then the offender understands why whatever they did was wrong (Sakiyama, 2011). This then leads to apology for the offense and subsequent quest for behavioral changes (Sakiyama, 2011). In this gaming scenario, the most applicable crime theory is the rational choice theory of crime causation (Fadaei-Tehrani and Green, 2002). The reason for this is because the player makes rational decisions in the game on how best to execute the animosity in the national school. There is a famous Chinese saying that says, what I hear I forget, what I see I remember, and what I do I understand. Children in school are good at experimenting with whatever they find to try. The national school shooting tour 2012 offers the best opportunity to load a gun and execute the plans. For example, in a scenario where a group of criminally motivated school children or academically dissatisfied children who would like to stop the progress of a school, the game gives multiple options on how to execute their intentions to destroy the school. Given a very applicable and well versed scenario, schoolchildren understand their learning environment much better while playing the game only raises their zeal to actuate the virtual warfare in their learning environment. Rationally there are children that have higher inclination to getting more challenging environments to commit crimes on a higher level and this game is giving the children that opportunity to play and weight their options of the possibility of executing their plans. Since their curiosity has been raised, some might even try to see how far the virtual war can be taken in actual settings. The routine activity theory is similar to the occurrence of a criminal activity related to the kind of work that an individual is used to doing on a day to day basis and the surrounding environment (Sutton, 2011). The routine activity theory is dependent on the prevailing pattern of activities that happen in the social divide during interaction on a daily basis as noted by Sutton (2011). For example, from mid twentieth century, it has been noted that the amount of hours that bllack women spend at home has greatly decreased and consequently the children have less time for interacting with their mothers (Sutton, 2011). This is related to the lesser number of role models that are available to the children and thus high likelihood to be involved in criminal activities (Sutton, 2011). This leads to social disorganization that raises opportunities for criminals to execute their options (Sutton, 2011; Zimmermann, 2007). Although the theory has some grounds and meets some fundamental scientific validation processes like the answering the questions of What? When? Why? and the like, it fails to pass the test for a good theory since it is hard to quantify the claims of the theory. The theory is mostly based on a generalized approach instead of actual process. The theory also fails the test the possibility of the theory predicting the possible outcome of a crime in a given region and thus it does not quite qualify to be a scientific theory and needs refining to adhere to scientific level. It has been noted that the anomie proposed by Merton is mainly based on the theoretical approach and misses the in-depth causative agents of the crime (Orcutt, 1983; Mizruchi, 1967). For example, on the one hand, in Mertons anomie, it is noted that the theory focuses on suicide, crime and delinquency from a general point of view (Orcutt, 1983; Mizruchi, 1967). On the other hand, considering the anomie by Durkheim, there is exemplification and quantification of the actual causes of these problems. This is evident where Durkheim details the cause of suicide rates as being attributed to egoism, anomie, and altruism as well as fatalism which individually can cause suicidal thoughts (Orcutt, 1983; Mizruchi, 1967). Durkheim supports his claims by application of historical data in the analysis and verification of the claims while in Merton this is exempted in the proposition (Orcutt, 1983; Mizruchi, 1967). Durkheim also includes the notion of the economic status of the surrounding to be a contributor to raise the criminal activity and intents as well as rapid shift in the economy that brings imbalance and, therefore, chaos. For example, after the occurrence of hurricane Katrina there was a noted increase in criminal activities since the economic prospects of the region changed too rapidly. According to Taylor (2001) and Jensen (2003), modern social disorganization is a criminological theory that attributed the current criminal variations that are experienced as well as delinquent behaviors in changing times. This occurs within stipulated territories especially those that are prone to criminal activities due to the likelihood of decrease in risk of being caught on the part of the offender and the likelihood of higher rewards after successful criminal activity (Taylor, 2001; Jensen, 2003). Modern social disorganization is happening more often due to the fact that people are working long hours and earning higher incomes with others having more than one job to help meet their needs. In return these people become better targets as they arrive home late and at times without company thus becoming the best prey to hunt. Traditional or classical social disorganization has been found only in women spending the day out of home while their children are left alone during the day. Currently, some parents arrive home when the children are fast asleep and leave home before they wake up and thus no role models are available to coach them in mannerism. Understanding modern social disorganization will help to understand the current increase in crimes in the urban areas like in big cities since there is less time spent with the children. They spend time with fellow children who spoil one another and engage in drug and substance abuse that might be a prerequisite of criminal activity participation. Buy custom Modern Social Disorganization essay

Why terror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Why terror - Essay Example The revolution was equally a very bloody affair which saw many of its proponents beheaded at the guillotine for political reasons. The revolution ushered the reign of terror, a period in the history of the country that was truly dark. The revolution also ushered a new era of freedoms and common men like Napoleon were able to rise to the highest position of power. This paper will, therefore, look at the events that came to be known as the reign of terror. Why Terror? For clarity of this event, it is important to look at some issues that played a part in the events effecting of the reign of terror. One of these issues was the dismissal and banishment of Minister Necker, from France, and whose popularity with the masses was felt to have eclipsed that of the king2. This was because he was proposing to introduce reforms that would upset the set balance of things. Coupled with this was the fear in the people of the reprisals from the emigres as well as foreign powers sympathetic to the bou rbon monarchy3. This was a period of great unease among the Parisians whose city, Paris, was to be the theatre of activities that would determine the fate of the revolution. To add to this was the flight of the reigning monarch Louis XVI to Varennes, a city that was along the way to the fortress of Montmedy. It was in this fortress, in Northern France, that the King was hoping to launch a military offensive to regain his throne. The fortress was still held by royalists, therefore, the King hoped to capitalise on this to gain an upper hand. In Paris, his current place of residence, the king was weakened and there was little he could do without having the revolutionaries counter him if it was unfavourable to them. He, therefore, opted to attempt the flight. He was, however, captured and brought back to Paris and even underwent humiliating experiences for his actions. Despite a majority of the assembly that governed France at the time ‘accepting’ the King’s explanat ion as not an escape, but more of ‘abduction’ there were some within the Assembly who refused doing so4. This minority that did not go along with the rest was that of the Cordelier Club5 that was mainly made up of Jacobins, a club that was at the foremost in promoting the French Revolution. This group was of the opinion that there should be a consultation with the populace and the punishment of the King. It is important to acknowledge the threat the king posed to the revolution due to the fact that he was alive. There was always threat of danger from royalists within the republic as well as those that were not in the country. One such strong influence was the Duke of Brunswick. In August, there was a manifesto circulated in France in which the Duke threatened to attack and dominate France if the King and his family were subjected to any inhuman treatment6. The king was to later be guillotined, and other aristocrats were to meet the same fate as the king. The terror upon the aristocracy was an attempt of the revolutionaries to rid themselves from any challenge that would threaten their existence. It was not a unanimous agreement to execute the enemies of the state. There were some dissenting opinions from groups like the Girondins. This group of legislators were a more liberal thinking club in comparison to the radical Jacobins. With the execution of the King, the Jacobins had gained more power in comparison to the Girondins. Due to their liberal approach, the Girondins did not see the need to have mass executions of all the aristocrats7. The rivalry between these two clubs was so fierce that their members were always armed8. This rivalry did not stop at the intellectual or ideological level, it went further than that. The Jacobins led by among other Robespierre,

Memo's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Memo's - Essay Example Fundamental Company included; Ineffective interaction between the internal audit committee and the management, which limited the independency of the company’s internal audit committee; lack of formal manuals and auditing guidelines in accordance with the GAAP with respect to operational, budgeting and financial standard which resulted into over reporting of the financial records of the company; and inadequate financial reporting and accounting systems and processes which would enhance accuracy of the reports and increase the pace of auditing. NetLogic Microsystems, Inc. is a fabless semi-conductor corporation which develops, designs, and sells integrated processors and circuits mainly used in wireless and mobile infrastructure networks. In their financial and auditing report for the accounting period dated Feb. 15, 2012, the company reported a series of limitations in the auditing exercise. As highlighted by the audit committee, auditing process indicated flaws covering from management to financial projections. The internal audit control policy of NetLogic Microsystems is highly influenced by the senior management boards, thus limiting the independence and autonomy of the internal audit body. On the other hand, the audit committee identified the following material weaknesses in the internal control of NetLogic Microsystems, Inc: first, consolidated financial statement analysis and preparation weaknesses. In the fiscal period 2011, NetLogic Microsystems, Inc did revise its net cost allocation methodology to comply with th e GAAP. However, internal auditing report revealed that the proposed methodology of allocation failed to report major program costs. This prompted the officials to reconsider and revise net cost statement to present cost valuations. Besides, it was noted that Managements Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) contained irrelevant information and therefore were incorrectly accounted for

The Woodspurge Essay Example for Free

The Woodspurge Essay Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s â€Å"The Woodspurge† is a sixteen-line poem divided into four-line stanzas of iambic tetrameter that describe an unidentified grief-stricken narrator in an outdoor setting, who experiences a vivid heightening of sense perception during a time of intense psychic stress. In his depressed state, the narrator undergoes an unforeseen and unbidden, but clear and intense, visual experience of the woodspurge, a species of weed that has a three-part blossom. The poem’s first stanza presents a countryside that is geographically unspecified—an area of trees and hills—and begins to suggest the narrator’s state of mind. The narrator is not walking toward a specific destination; he moves in the direction the wind is blowing, and, once the wind ceases, he stops and sits in the grass. The fact that his walking and stopping are guided merely by the wind indicates aimlessness, passivity, and apathy. The narrator’s posture in the second stanza indicates that he feels exceedingly depressed, although there is no explanation given for his emotional state. Sitting on the grass he is hunched over with his head between his knees. His depression is so severe that he cannot even groan aloud or speak a work of grief (â€Å"My lips†¦said not Alas!†). His head is cast down, as is his soul—so much so that his hair is touching the grass. His physical state reflects his psychic paralysis as he remains motionless in this position for an unspecified length of time, but long enough so that he â€Å"hear[s] the day pass.† Although he is not trying to look around and seems oblivious to the country setting as a whole, the narrator remarks in the third stanza that his eyes are â€Å"wide open,† and this important fact becomes the inadvertent cause for his ensuing visual experience. From his seated position, he says there are â€Å"ten weeds† that his eyes can â€Å"fix upon.† Out of that group, a flowering woodspurge captures his complete attention, and he is dramatically impressed by the detail that it flowers as â€Å"three cups in one.† The narrator attributes his depressed state to â€Å"perfect grief† in the final stanza, but there is still no elaboration as to its cause. He then comments, first, that grief may not function to bring wisdom or insight and may not even be remembered, and, second, implies that he himself learned nothing from his grief that day and can no longer remember its cause. However, â€Å"One thing then learnt remains†: He had been visually overwhelmed by the shape of the woodspurge, and, consequently, its image and the fact that â€Å"The woodspurge has a cup of three† have been vividly burned into his memory forever. Forms and Devices The short, simple lyric, focusing on sadness of some kind, was a popular genre for Victorian poets, as it had been earlier for the Romantic poets at the beginning of the nineteenth century. For Rossetti, it was a genre that suited his ideal of simplicity in poetry. Rossetti’s choice of imagery, diction, rhythm, and rhyme demonstrates a simplicity that mirrors—and therefore underscores—the narrator’s state of mind. The images are simple; the tree, hill, grass, weeds, and sun have no descriptors of any kind. There are no metaphors, similes, or other figures of speech; nature is presented in broad brushstrokes without ornamentation. It is only when the narrator accidentally fixes his gaze upon the woodspurge that any specific details come forth, and, even then, it is only the shape of the flower that is of any concern. Rossetti’s use of nature tends to the particular, not the universal; the experience of his narrator, thus, occurs through an interplay with a very narrow, concentrated, and specific part of nature. Rossetti’s unadorned presentation of nature mutes the setting, forcing it into the background, and causes the narrator’s mental and emotional state to emerge as the central focus. The bare minimum of description functions to signal to the reader that the narrator himself is oblivious to the details of his surroundings because his mind is focused elsewhere. The only record of his awareness of his environment, before his dramatic visual experience of the woodspurge, is that he walked when the wind was blowing and that he sat when that external impetus ceased. His reference in the first stanza to the wind having been â€Å"Shaken out dead from tree and hill† introduces the thought of death, establishing a negative tone that suggests that the narrator’s internal state is negative. Another poetic device that maintains simplicity in the poem—and yet functions to express sadness or sorrow—includes Rossetti’s use of monosyllabic words. All but one word in the first stanza are monosyllables, causing the movement to be slowed to a plodding pace to initially signal a rhythmic parallel for the narrator’s inner state. With each of the next three stanzas consisting primarily of monosyllabic words, the poem’s tempo continues to be retarded. This consistently slowed rhythm throughout the poem creates a dirge-like effect that mirrors the narrator’s mood. There is one common end rhyme in each stanza (aaaa, bbbb, cccc), suggesting a dullness, a lack of variety, or a paralysis in the rhyme that reflects the paralysis in the narrator resulting from his psychic state. The word â€Å"wind† is repeated four times in the first stanza, and the end rhyme for the first and fourth lines of this stanza repeats the same word, â€Å"still.† This deliberate repetition of words and of simple rhymes also functions to maintain the simplicity of the poem and is consistent with its simple imagery and vocabulary. Themes and Meanings In September, 1848, Rossetti, along with other fellow painters such as John Everett Millais and William Holman Hunt, founded the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood, whose goal was a return to simplicity, to a direct presentation of nature, and to faithfulness and accuracy in detail. The name was derived from the Italian Renaissance painter Raphael, who was a symbol for them of a departure from the simplicity of presentation and the use of bright colors, which produced a direct emotional effect in pre-Renaissance paintings. The ideals of this group were applied to poetry as well as to painting: simplicity of syntax, imagery, and diction, with themes that concentrated on the experience of sense perception and created emotional resonance. Although â€Å"The Woodspurge† has a plant’s name as its title, the poem does not have nature, or even the woodspurge itself, as its subject. Nature does play an indirect role in the poem, but it is not the focus here or in other works by Rossett i. Both in his painting and in his poetry, the function of nature is to act as a background for the presentation of human action and emotion. The depiction of details from nature, although precise and accurate, is not meant to draw attention to nature itself but to mirror a psychic state or inner experience. â€Å"The Woodspurge† does not tell a story or embody an ethical or moral lesson; it does not deal with contemporary issues or events. It is removed from any cultural or historical context and—more concerned with emotion than ideology—aims to express a universal human experience, the paradox of intense sense perception during times of emotional numbness. The possibility that the three-in-one nature of the woodspurge—which could recall the Christian concept of the Trinity or the concept of unity in diversity—might symbolize a higher truth and thus be a consolation for the speaker’s grief is not given any space in the poem. The woodspurge’s shape is a botanical fact, of interest particularly to a painter’s eye, but it points to no significance beyond its sheer existence in the material realm. It functions as an example of a detail or image that can remain vivid after emotional stress has been left behind and forgotten. Rossetti’s tendency to focus on intense sensual experience rather than to illustrate truth or meaning is evident here. Although the cause of the narrator’s sorrow is never specified, the poem was written in the spring of 1856 when Rossetti was in an anguished state. He was experiencing intense strife with Elizabeth (â€Å"Lizzie†) Siddal, the chief model he had used for many of his paintings since 1850, over the issue of her desire for marriage. (He eventually married her in 1860.) Rossetti was also tormented at that time about relationships with other women and with what he perceived as lost artistic opportunities. However, nothing in the poem points to these specific issues. By leaving the cause of the narrator’s depression unspecified, Rossetti gives universal expression to the psychological phenomenon of acute mental awareness and heightened sensation simultaneous with mental and emotional distress. Although Rossetti’s later poetry is more ornate, complex, and difficult both in style and in content, â€Å"The Woodspurge† concentrates on sense perception, accuracy of detail (including botanical accuracy), and the use of nature as a framework for the expression of the mental and emotional state of the narrator. Its simplicity in theme and poetic devices makes it a superb demonstration of the tenets of Pre-Raphaelite poetry.

The Executive Summary of the Business Plan :: Business Plans Financial Statements Essays

The Executive Summary of the Business Plan The executive summary is the most important part of the business plan. Many people will only read this. The summary in itself will not secure an investor, however, it can loose them. Quality - the quality of the summary must therefore be outstanding and you should pay particular attention to it. Obtain critical feedback from others on your drafts. Stand-alone - it is also used as a stand-alone document when introducing the project to others so it must be able to capture interest and entice the reader to take the next step and request more information - and secure a meeting. Style – cogent and terse. It should be direct and organized as a series of bulleted paragraphs, each deals with one key area. No waffle. Length - ideally one page, and certainly not more than two pages. Content - it needs to:  Introduce the project in terms of what area it is concerned with, what it is trying to do, and list the key individuals and advisors involved  Describe the stage the project reached particularly in terms of the "readiness for market" of its products, or product concepts, and outline any intellectual property, such as patents, that may support the products  Highlight the main market characteristics, including size and growth, and specify the market opportunity that you are addressing  State the central competitive advantages of your products and/or processes, how distinct they are from the competition and in what way, and how these are important to customers  Summarize the objectives of the company in the short and long term, and quantify these with specific numbers. Outline the key strategies you will use to achieve them  Include any "evidence of success" - this may be trade reviews, analyst comments, sales or partnership agreements, working prototypes, market testing, etc. which help to make the project more tangible to the reader and raises confidence in the project  Highlight any other key issues that should be noted  State your finance requirements and what stake in the company is available for this (see Financial Structure), and the planned exit strategy for the investor - i.e. how the investor will realize their return from the project. For more on this click Financing Structure. Example Text:  XYZ Company Limited is an Expert Design Consultancy focusing on Packaging Design Solutions for â€Å"Fast Moving Consumer Goods† (FMCG) in the Personal Care industry.

Personal or Narrative Essay: My Environmental Practices Essay

Now it’s your turn to write a personal or narrative essay. For this kind of personal writing, you are using the first person perspective. Keep your writing informal. You can make connections to your readings, referring to specific relevant details from the â€Å"Ten Things† article, or anything else you have read on how to reduce your negative impact on the environment. In your composition, feel free to share how you feel now about your own environmental practices, any insights you have gained, and ideas you have for the future. Write a five paragraph personal essay or narrative about the connection between your lifestyle choices and how they impact the broader environment. There are three steps to this assignment: Step A: In the first hour after waking up in the morning, make note of everything you use, and the country where it was made. Makes notes also on your connection to these places, and the people in these places, through the things you use. Step B: Make notes on what your best environmental practice might look like, related to the use of these items. In your opinion, is what you are doing right now enough? How might you do more? What is stopping you? For ideas on what else you could be doing to improve your own environmental practices, refer to your answers from Lesson A: Activity 1: â€Å"Ten Things You Can Do. † Step C: Choose to write either a personal essay, or a narrative. Note that personal essays almost always involve some form of narrative, while narrative essays, often written in first person, tell a story from beginning to end; though this does not mean they merely entertain—they explain something to the reader as well. Recall the following characteristics of the narrative and personal essay: Narrative Essay: A narrative essay is a story that describes a sequence of events, in this case, nonfiction. Remember the following elements of narrative essays: makes a point, introduced in the first paragraph has a beginning, middle, and end events are chosen to support the essay’s point includes the devices of story: plot, character, setting, climax, and ending has a consistent point of view (the authors’ –i. e. yours! ) includes feelings about events starts as close to the inciting incident (the event that begins the story) as possible includes only what is necessary to advance the action Personal Essay: The personal essay constitutes a struggle for emotional and intellectual honesty. In writing a personal essay, you show a vulnerability and the courage to admit self-contradictions in the search for truth. Remember the following elements of the personal essay: almost always written in first person makes a point, introduced in the first paragraph, expressed in a thesis statement almost always some autobiographical content or component constructed of personal opinions, hopes, beliefs, doubts, confusions intimate, personal tone—admit the reader into your inner thoughts, musings—as if your reader is â€Å"eavesdropping on a mind in solitude† voice is conversational in style and tone, as though you are addressing a small audience approach is contemplative, but can be humourous, not of very strong emotions, such as rage or bitterness returns to the point in the concluding paragraph with a new perspective Personal/Narrative Essay Checklist: 1. Have you chosen a topic you can be sincere about? Manufactured sincerity doesn’t fly in a personal essay or first person narrative. 2. Have you included some autobiographical component? 3. Are you seeking out a truth in your essay? 4. Do you contemplate more than one answer? This is useful in a personal essay. 5. Did you write in the first person, with a conversational tone? 6. Is your essay of sufficient length to pursue your question? For the purposes of this assignment, you need to include: an introductory paragraph

3 Poetry Activities for Middle School Students